If you use an image that you don't create, it should have a credit line at the end of the caption. APA states that the image should be in your list of references as well. If the reproduction of a copyrighted image is not fair use, you would need to obtain permission from the copyright holder to use it. The reprinted with permission statement is not needed when it is fair use.
Example of a Credit Line for Material from a Book
Figure 1. Trajectory of a photon after a scattering event. Reprinted from Biomedical Photonics Handbook (p. 2-7), by T. Vo-Dinh (ed.), 2003, CRC Press. Copyright 2003 by CRC Press. Reprinted with permission.
Example of a Credit Line for Material from a Journal
Figure 2. Path line visualization of direct blood flow corresponding to the diastolic E-peak for a healthy 50 years old female. Adapted from "Left Ventricular Fluid Mechanics: The Long Way from Theoretical Models to Clinical Applications," by G. Pedrizzetti and F. Domenichini, 2014, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 43(1), p. 35. Copyright 2014 by Springer. Reprinted with permission.
Example of a Credit Line for Material from a Website (under the creative commons license)
Figure 3. Researchers reviewing data. Reprinted from Flickr, by Novartis AG, 2013, Retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/51868421@N04/10876800114/ Some rights reserved by Novartis AG under a CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.
If you use an image that you don't create, it should have a credit line at the end of the caption, where parentheses are optional. If citing the source as a whole, use an in-text citation at the end of the credit line; otherwise, the citation should be contained in the credit line. If the reproduction of a copyrighted image is not fair use, you would need to obtain permission from the copyright holder to use it. Either way, do not forget to cite it.
Example of a Credit Line for Material in the Public Domain
Figure 1. Block diagram of the navigation system. Illustration by R. G. Hartman (2012). or
Figure 1. Block diagram of the navigation system. Illustration from US 8174562 B2 (Hartman 2012).
Example of a Credit Line for Material obtained Free and has unrestricted use
Figure 2. The Goodyear Blimp. Photograph courtesy of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company.
Example of a Credit Line for Copyrighted Material (under the fair use exemption when the entire source is cited)
Figure 3. Effect of feature matching with SIFT. Reprinted from the study by Chen et al. (2011).
Example of a Credit Line for Material under licensed under Creative Commons (when the entire source is cited)
Figure 3. City of San Francisco and its vicinity, California (Raster Image) Stanford University. Reprinted under CC BY 3.0 (United States Coast Survey, 2021).
If you use an image that you don't create, it should have a credit line at the end of the caption. A citation isn't required on the Works Cited page. If the reproduction of a copyrighted image is not fair use, you would need to obtain permission from the copyright holder to use it.
Example of a Credit Line for Material from a Book (under the fair use exemption)
Figure 1. Trajectory of a photon after a scattering event. Tuan Vo-Dinh, ed.; Biomedical Photonics Handbook; CRC Press, 2003; 2-7, figure 2.6.
Example of a Credit Line for Material from a Journal (under the fair use exemption)
Figure 2. Path line visualization of direct blood flow corresponding to the diastolic E-peak for a healthy 50 years old female. Gianni Pedrizzetti and Frederico Domenichini;, "Left Ventricular Fluid Mechanics: The Long Way from Theoretical Models to Clinical Applications"; Annals of Biomedical Engineering vol. 43, no. 1, 2014, p. 35, figure 4a.
Example of a Credit Line for Material from a Website (under the creative commons license)
Figure 3. Novartis AG; "Researchers reviewing data"; Flickr, 15 Nov. 2013, https://www.flickr.com/photos/51868421@N04/10876800114/; Accessed 29 Jul. 2015; Reprinted under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.
Try a reference manager. All reference managers have advantages and disadvantages. Mostly, it is a matter of preference. For more information about reference managers, go to
For the Annals of Biomedical Engineering, the citation style for journals and books are defined explicitly in the Instructions for Authors section.